This scholarly monograph surveys hyobyaku and ganmon texts used in Buddhist rites from the Heian and Kamakura periods, analyzing their style, notation, parallel phrasing, and relation to mixed Sino-Japanese prose.

A study that traces medieval Japanese style and culture through the language of Buddhist ritual.

This study follows the historical development of Japanese existential expressions, especially aru, iru, and oru, examining changes in meaning, usage, and function.

It reads Japanese existential expression through the history of aru, iru, and oru.